Parkinson’s Disease is an ever-prevalent neurodegenerative disease whose cases are expected to double within the next decade. While it is a multifactorial disorder that may stem from a combination of environmental and genetic factors, a more recent study has shifted the spotlight onto gut microbiota and microbial pathogens as a large contributor to neurodegenerative diseases altogether. Specifically, curli-producing bacteria in the gut microbiota could increase and facilitate alpha-synuclein aggregation in the brain. This spearheaded some research into the Curli and HSV-1 antibody correlation shown in Parkinson’s Disease patients.

Curli-producing bacteria in the gut could lead to neurodegenerative diseases

LifeTein supplied the group pursuing this work with an immunogenic peptide derived from bacterial amyloid curli to help test their theory. They chose to analyze the humoral response against this peptide as well as other α-syn peptides in both Parkinson’s Disease patients and healthy controls. What was found was a significant correlation in the Parkinson’s Disease patients’ humoral response against curli and HSV-1 when compared to the control.

While the study shows this high correlation exists between these bacterial peptides and Parkinson’s Disease, it is only the first step in this journey. The role of each of these pathogens in Parkinson’s Disease is yet to be explored and still offers a new angle of understanding the neurodegenerative disease, and hopefully a path for treating it as well.

Jasemi S, Paulus K, Noli M, Simula ER, Ruberto S, Sechi LA. Antibodies against HSV-1 and Curli Show the Highest Correlation in Parkinson’s Disease Patients in Comparison to Healthy Controls. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314816

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022 awarded to Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Morten Meldal, and K. Barry Sharpless for their outstanding work with click chemistry, a well-deserved honor for developing a vital and straightforward technique in modern chemistry. Barry Sharpless, with this as his second Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and Morten Meldal independently presented the idea of click chemistry over twenty years ago. The reactions involved are highly versatile and can be performed under a multitude of conditions, making the method incredibly efficient and applicable to many fields. In a perfect example, Carolyn Bertozzi, who was jointly awarded this Nobel Prize, utilized the principles of click chemistry to present bioorthogonal chemistry, click reactions that take place within living organisms without disrupting the normal chemistry of the cell. Since its inception, click chemistry has had its influence explored across many other facets of chemistry, including very useful applications in peptide synthesis.

LifeTein frequently uses this CuAAC reaction in its oligonucleotide-peptide conjugation service. Such reactions would not be nearly as feasible without the simple answer of click chemistry, as linking large and functionalized molecules like peptides and oligonucleotides is a very challenging task otherwise. With this, LifeTein is able to provide DNA-peptide conjugates and RNA-peptide conjugates for cell screening and in vivo studies with ease.

Congratulations again to Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Morten Meldal, and K. Barry Sharpless on their joint award for The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022, the field wouldn’t be anywhere near where it is today without click chemistry.

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Lyme disease is an abundantly present vector-born disease, with nearly 400,000 new cases in the U.S. diagnosed each year. While treatment with antibiotics is effective, if the disease goes unnoticed and unchecked it can lead to lifelong damage to the nervous and musculoskeletal system. Hence, it is critical to detect the disease as early as possible, however this becomes a complex issue since not every case results in erythema migrans (EM), the characteristic skin lesion of Lyme disease. This issue is further complicated since current serodiagnostics lack sensitivity in early Lyme disease detection, when treatment would be the most effective. One group sought to solve this issue by developing a method more sensitive and more specific than the current ones, ultimately using linear peptide epitomes to better diagnose Lyme disease.

Linear peptide epitomes lead to higher specificity and sensitivity in Lyme disease assays

LifeTein synthesized peptides from prominent B. burgdorferi antigens expressed during human infection of Lyme disease for the group to utilize. Their idea is to use synthetic peptides that contain the linear epitomes necessary, rather than protein antigens that often have cross-reactive epitomes. Eliminating the cross-reactive epitomes leads to more specificity within the tests, and more sensitivity as well. While the results for the single peptide epitomes were less than anticipated, the group found that using the epitome peptides in pairs resulted in the specificity and sensitivity they had hypothesized.

Diagnostic assessment of Lyme disease is in dire need of an improvement to efficiently catch it in the early stages, and these linear peptide epitomes are shaping to be a key part of the solution. The group hopes that their research will allow future works to improve upon their studies and one day include the linear peptide epitomes as part of a potential multi-peptide-based assay for the laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease.

Arnaboldi PM, Katseff AS, Sambir M, Dattwyler RJ. Linear Peptide Epitopes Derived from ErpP, p35, and FlaB in the Serodiagnosis of Lyme Disease. Pathogens. 2022; 11(8):944. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080944

As the world moves on through the ongoing pandemic that is COVID-19, great minds across every field and corner of the world are doing their part to further our collective understanding of the virus. A recent study specifically took greater notice in the population of antibodies increasing in more sever cases of COVID-19 over mild ones. Specifically, there was a study conducted on the higher HERV-W and IFN-I antibody presence detected in intensive care COVID-19 patients, utilizing peptides for the experiment.

HERV-W and IFN-I antibody presence higher in severe COVID-19 cases

LifeTein supplied the group with the HERV-W-env(248–262), IFN-α, and IFN-ω peptides necessary for the report. Not only did the studies prove higher levels of anti-IFN-I autoantibodies and HERV-W antibodies are much more prevalent in severe COVID-19 cases than in mild ones, but it opened up a new perspective on how the humoral responses against HERV-W-env(248–262) and IFN-α are correlated across ICU patients. Hopefully, this research leads to more beneficial breakthroughs over time, for COVID-19 cases and potentially other life-threatening conditions as well.

Simula, E. R., Manca, M. A., Noli, M., Jasemi, S., Ruberto, S., Uzzau, S., Rubino, S., Manca, P., & Sechi, L. A. (2022). Increased Presence of Antibodies against Type I Interferons and Human Endogenous Retrovirus W in Intensive Care Unit COVID-19 Patients. In H. H. Mostafa (Ed.), Microbiology Spectrum. American Society for Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01280-22

Platinum based anticancer drugs generally go hand-in-hand with DNA, however their interactions with proteins are important to understand as well. A group focused their work on discovering and further exploring binding sites of cisplatin onto both an oligonucleotide and two peptides corresponding to segments of H2A and H2B histone proteins via mass spectrometry. The study revealed key interactions and the mechanism of cisplatin binding with oligonucleotides and peptides, and eventually DNA as well.

Peptide and oligonucleotide competitive binding with platinum

LifeTein supplied the group with two peptides for the project; P1, from the acidic region of H2a, and P2, from the α2-helix of H2B human histone protein. These peptides and an oligonucleotide model of DNA were analyzed using electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry and tested with substantial theoretical figures to match the fragments. Here the group found the preferred binding sites on both of the peptides and the oligonucleotide, of relevance are the multiple histidine and methionine residues on P2 that saw the most binding to cisplatin over P1.

The adducts formed on platinated P2 were tested and incubated solely with the oligonucleotide, where after two days the group found that a portion of the platinum fragments had migrated from the peptide to the oligonucleotide. This observation not only showed that the oligonucleotide was perhaps the more thermodynamically favored product, but also gave insight into how the cisplatin drug takes to DNA during chemotherapy, by binding to the proteins first and then reversing the reaction and migrating. The long-term implications of this mechanism will surely be researched and explored in the future of platinum drug delivery and cancer treatment.

Mansouri, F., Patiny, L., Ortiz, D. et al. Simultaneous mass spectrometry analysis of cisplatin with oligonucleotide-peptide mixtures: implications for the mechanism of action. J Biol Inorg Chem 27, 239–248 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-022-01924-9

After the gut, the mouth is the most important microbiome in the human body, with the inhabitants ranging from bacteria and fungi to viruses and protozoa. If this careful balance of microorganisms is thrown off even by a little, certain pathogens could propagate and cause serious periodontal diseases. One such pathogen is Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), which degrades the specialized basal lamina components that protect supporting teeth tissues. However, one component of this specialized basal lamina, the Human SCPPPQ1 Protein, had shown to be not only resistant to P. gingivalis, but also to affect the cell membrane of P. gingivalis itself. A group of researchers then decided to explore the antimicrobial properties of the SCPPPQ1 protein and its peptide derivatives.

SCPPPQ1 protein and peptide derivatives as antibacterial agents

Using the SCPPPQ1 protein itself and derived peptides synthesized by LifeTein, the group sought to test how they fared against P. gingivalis in isolated conditions. After incubating the two together, results showed a rapid and significant decrease of P. gingivalis population. The means of which were narrowed down to aggregation of bacteria and membrane disruption.

The group went further and tested the antibacterial properties against other pathogens, and though there were results, none were as significant as those against P. gingivalis. The results point towards a more honed treatment against P. gingivalis using this knowledge of the SCPPPQ1 protein and its peptide derivatives. Since the protein itself is native to the human mouth, further application to treat periodontal pathogens with its antibacterial properties is not out of the question.

Mary, C., Fouillen, A., Moffatt, P. et al. Effect of human secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein proline-glutamine rich 1 protein on Porphyromonas gingivalis and identification of its active portions. Sci Rep 11, 23724 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02661-w